Etanercept - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy

 Etanercept

 

Etanercept is a dimeric soluble fusion protein com-posed of parts of the ligand binding regions of the p75 high-affinity type 2 TNF receptor (which binds both TNF-a and TNF-b ) linked to parts of the IgG1 Fc regions; it does not induce complement-mediated lysis of cells expressing TNF on their surface. Etanercept is FDA approved for use in patients with moderately to severely active RA (either used alone or in combina-tion with methotrexate), as well as in polyarticular JRA, PsA, AS, and PP. For adult patients with RA, PsA, or AS the recommended dose of etanercept is 50 mg SC weekly, given either as one 50 mg injection or as two 25 mg injections on the same day or up to 4 days apart (package insert for Enbrel, 2006).

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Adenoviral Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer

Image
  Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer   Viruses, natural parasites that efficiently enter cellular targets and hijack cellular machinery for propagation, are currently the most effective vectors for gene therapy. Approximately 70% of all gene therapy clinical trials employ viral vectors (Table 4). Many viruses with divergent properties have been devel-oped for gene transfer. Retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are the most extensively studied to date. Characteristics of each are summarized in Table 5.   Adenoviral Vectors Biology   Adenoviruses are non-enveloped, lytic, DNA viruses with a linear double-stranded genome and icosahedral symmetry. Since the isolation of the first human adenovirus in 1953 from tonsils and adenoid tissue (Rowe, 1953), 50 additional serotypes have been identified and grouped into six species (A–F) based on genome size, composition and homology, hemag-glutinating properties and oncogenicity in rodents. Because the subg...
Read more

Direct Binding to Non-Nucleic Acids

Image
  DIRECT BINDING TO NON-NUCLEIC ACIDS The ability of nucleic acids to fold into complex three-dimensional structures through regions of (partial) complementarity allows them to bind to virtually any molecule with nano- to picomolar affinity (Proske et al., 2005). This high affinity is supported by data on their extreme specificity. A nucleic acid sequence specifically binding theophylline has a million times higher affinity for theophylline than caffeine, mole-cules which differ by only one methyl group.   Aptamers/Riboswitches   Aptamers and riboswitches are single-stranded ONs of either DNA or RNA, generally about 60 nucleotides long, which fold into well-defined three-dimensional structures. They bind to their target molecule by complementary shape interactions accompanied by charge and hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bridges. The target can be small molecules or macromolecules. Aptamers are isolated artificially, whereas riboswitches occur naturally (Tucker and ...
Read more

Uptake - Immunological Principles of Vaccines

  Uptake   Every immune reaction against a pathogen starts with its uptake by specialized phagocytic cells in the infected tissue. These cells carry receptors on their surface; pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize common features of pathogens called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Binding of PAMPs to these PRRs results in phagocy-tosis of the pathogens. Examples of PRRs are toll-like receptors (TLRs), scavenger receptors and C-type lectins (Table 2). TLRs consist of a family of receptors, with each member recognizing different patterns on the surface of pathogens ( Akira et al., 2006). TLRs canbe found on many cells including macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). DCs can also engulf materials from their extracellular environment by a receptor independent process called micropinocytosis.
Read more